ลานซักล้าง

ถ้าเก็บไว้ผิวดิน ก็มีโอกาสระเหยไปได้มาก แต่ถึงระเหย ก็ยังดีกว่าไม่เก็บอะไรไว้เลยนะครับ

ผู้เฒ่า Anupam Mishra จากทะเลทราย Golden Desert ในอินเดีย มาเล่าให้ฟังถึงภูมิปัญญาโบราณ ซึ่งเก็บน้ำฝนจากพื้นที่ที่มีฝนตกเพียง 16 นิ้วต่อปี (400 มม./ปี ครึ่งเดียวของอีสานในปีที่แล้งจัด) แต่เขาเก็บน้ำไว้ทุกหยด จากทุกหลังคา ทุกพื้นที่ เอาไปรวมกันในบ่อใต้ดินส่วนกลาง

น้ำฝนที่ตกลงมา 2 มม. (ตกแบบไม่ตั้งใจตก) ถ้ามีพื้นที่รับน้ำ 10 ไร่ คิดเป็นน้ำหนักน้ำฝน 32 ตัน หรือเป็นปริมาตร 32 คิว ให้สูญเสียจากการซึมลงไปในดินเสียสามในสี่ ก็ยังได้น้ำถึง 8 คิว — ถ้าใช้หลังคารับน้ำบ้านเรือน ก็จะได้เป็นน้ำอุปโภคบริโภคทั้งหมด

ผมนึกถึงพื้นที่ภูเขาแถวสถานปฏิบัติธรรมผาซ่อนแก้วนะครับ ระดับน้ำใต้ดิน (water table) ลึก 150 เมตร แต่ถ้าให้ภูเขารับน้ำ เก็บไว้ในห้องใต้ดินที่ดาดคอนกรีต จะใช้ไฟฟ้าสำหรับสูบน้ำ ต่ำกว่าที่ใช้อยู่เยอะแยะ บางทีอาจไม่ต้องใช้ไฟฟ้าเลย ถ้าสร้างห้องเก็บน้ำไว้บนภูเขา ให้สูงกว่าผาซ่อนแก้ว

For emotions, we should not move quickly to the desert. So, first, a small housekeeping announcement: please switch off your proper English check programs installed in your brain. (Applause)

So, welcome to the golden desert, Indian desert. It receives the least rainfall in the country, lowest rainfall. If you are well-versed with inches, nine inches, centimeters, 16 inches. The groundwater is 300 feet deep, 100 meters. And in most parts it is saline, not fit for drinking. So, you can’t install hand pumps or dig wells, though there is no electricity in most of the villages. But suppose you use the green technology, solar pumps — they are of no use in this area.

So, welcome to the Golden Desert. Clouds seldom visit this area. But we find 40 different names of clouds in this dialect used here. There are a number of techniques to harvest rain. This is a new work, it’s a new program. But for the desert society this is no program; this is their life. And they harvest rain in many ways. So, this is the first device they use in harvesting rain. It’s called kunds; somewhere it is called [unclear].

And you can notice they have created a kind of false catchment. The desert is there, sand dunes, some small field. And this is all big raised platform. You can notice the small holes the water will fall on this catchment, and there is a slope. Sometimes our engineers and architects do not care about slopes in bathrooms but here they will care properly. And the water will go where it should go. And then it is 40 feet deep. The waterproofing is done perfectly, better than our city contractors, because not a single drop should go waste in this.

They collect 100 thousand liters in one season. And this is pure drinking water. Below the surface there is hard saline water. But now you can have this for year round. It’s two houses. We often use a term called bylaws. Because we are used to get written things. But here it is unwritten by law. And people make their house, and the water storage tanks. These raised up platforms just like this stage. In fact they go 15 feet deep, and collect rain water from roof, there is a small pipe, and from their courtyard. It can also harvest something like 25 thousand in a good monsoon.

Another big one, this is of course out of the hardcore desert area. This is near Jaipur. This is called the Jaigarh Fort. And it can collect six million gallons of rainwater in one season. The age is 400 years. So, since 400 years it has been giving you almost six million gallons of water per season. You can calculate the price of that water. It draws water from 15 kilometers of canals.

You can see a modern road, hardly 50 years old. It can break sometimes. But this 400 year old canal, which draws water, is is maintained for so many generations. Of course if you want to go inside, the two doors are locked. But they can be opened for TED people. (Laughter) And we request them. You can see person coming up with two canisters of water. And the water level — these are not empty canisters — water level is right up to this. It can envy many municipalities, the color, the taste, the purity of this water. And this is what they call Zero B type of water, because it comes from the clouds, pure distilled water.

We stop for a quick commercial break, and then we come back to the traditional systems. The government thought that this is a very backward area and we should bring a multi-million dollar project to bring water from the Himalayas. That’s why I said that this is a commercial break. (Laughter) But we will come back, once again, to the traditional thing. So, water from 300, 400 kilometers away, soon it become like this. In many portions, water hyacinth covered these big canals like anything.

Of course there are some areas where water is reaching, I’m not saying that it is not reaching at all. But the tail end, the Jaisalmer area, you will notice in Bikaner things like this: where the water hyacinth couldn’t grow the sand is flowing in these canals. The bonus is that you can find wildlife around it. (Laughter)

We had full-page advertisements, some 30 years, 25 years ago when this canal came. They said that throw away your traditional systems, these new cement tanks will supply you piped water. It’s a dream. And it became a dream also. Because soon the water was not able to reach these areas. And people started renovating their own structures.

These are all traditional water structures, which we won’t be able to explain in such a short time. But you can see that no woman is standing on those. (Laughter) And they are plaiting hair. (Applause) Jaisalmer. This is heart of desert. This town was established 800 years ago. I’m not sure by that time Bombay was there, or Delhi was there, or Chennai was there, or Bangalore was there.

So, this was the terminal point for silk route. Well connected, 800 years ago, through Europe. None of us were able to go to Europe, But Jaisalmer was well connected to it. And this is the 16 centimeter area. Such a limited rainfall, and highest colorful life flourished in these areas. You won’t find water in this slide. But it is invisible. Somewhere a stream or a rivulet is running through here. Or, if you want to paint, you can paint it blue throughout because every roof which you see in this picture collects rainwater drops and deposit in the rooms.

But apart from this system, they designed 52 beautiful water bodies around this town. And what we call private public partnership you can add estate also. So, estate, public and private enterprise work together to build this beautiful water body. And it’s a kind of water body for all seasons. You will admire it. Just behold the beauty throughout the year. Whether water level goes up or down, the beauty is there throughout.

Another water body, dried up, of course, during the summer period, but you can see how the traditional society combines engineering with aesthetics, with the heart. These statues, marvelous statues, gives you an idea of water table. When this rain comes and the water starts filling this tank, it will submerge these beautiful statues in what we call in English today “mass communication.” This was for mass communication. Everybody in the town will know that this elephant has drown, so water will be there for seven months or nine months, or 12 months. And then they will come and worship this pond, pay respect, their gratitude.

Another small water body, called the [unclear]. It is difficult to translate in English, especially in my English. But the nearest would be “glory,” a reputation. The reputation in desert of this small water body is that it never dries up. In severe drought periods nobody has seen this water body getting dried up. And perhaps they knew the future also. It was designed some 150 years ago. But perhaps they knew that on sixth, November, 2009, there will be a TED green and blue session, so they painted it like this. (Laughter) (Applause)

Dry water body. Children are standing on a very difficult device to explain. This is called kund. We have, in English, surface water and ground water. But this is not ground water. You can draw ground water from any well. But this is no ordinary well. It squeeze the moisture hidden in the sand. And they have dubbed this water as the third one called [unclear]. And there is a gypsum belt running below it. And it was deposited by the great mother Earth, some three million years ago. And where we have this gypsum strip they can harvest this water.

This is the same dry water body, Now, you don’t find any kund; they are all submerged. But when the water goes down they will be able to draw water from those structures throughout the year. This year they have received only six centimeters. Six centimeter of rainfall, and they can telephone you that if you find any water problem in your city, Delhi, Bombay, Bangalore, Mysore, please come to our area of six centimeters, we can give you water. (Laughter)

How they maintain them? There are three things: concept, planning, making the actual thing, and also maintaining them. It is a structure for maintain, for centuries, by generations, without any department, without any funding, So the secret is “[unclear],” respect. Your own thing, not personal property, my property, every time.

So, these stone pillars will remind you that you are entering into a water body area. Don’t spit, don’t to anything wrong, so that the clean water can be collected. Another pillar, stone pillar on your right side. If you climb these three, six steps you will find something very nice. This was done in 11th century. And you have to go further down. They say that a picture is worth a thousand words, so we can say a thousand words right now, an another thousand words. If the water table goes down, you will find new stairs. If it comes up, some of them will be submerged. So, throughout the year this beautiful system will give you some pleasure. Three sides, such steps, on the fourth side there is a four-story building where you can organize such TED conferences anytime. (Applause)

Excuse me, who built these structures? They are in front of you. The best civil engineers we had, the best planners, the best architects. We can say that because of them, because of their forefathers, India could get the first engineering college in 1847. There were no English medium schools at that time, even no Hindi schools, [unclear] schools. But such people, compelled to the East India Company, which came here for business, a very dirty kind of business … (Laughter) But not to create the engineering colleges, but because of them, first engineering college was created in a small village not in the town.

The last point, we all know in our primary schools that that camel is a ship of desert. So, you can find through your Jeep, a camel, and a cart. This tire comes from the airplane. So, look at the beauty from the desert society who can harvest rainwater, and also create something through a tire from a jet plane, and used in a camel cart.

Last picture, it’s a tattoo, 2,000-years-old tattoo. They were using it on their body. Tattoo was, at one time, a kind of a blacklisted or con thing, but now it is in thing. (Laughter) (Applause) You can copy this tattoo. I have some posters of this. (Laughter) The center of life is water. These are the beautiful waves. These are the beautiful stairs which we just saw in one of the slides. These are the trees. And these are the flowers which add fragrance to our lives. So, this is the message of desert. Thank you very much. (Applause)

Chris Anderson: So, first of all, I wish I had your eloquence, truly, in any language. (Applause) These artifacts and designs are inspiring. Do you believe that they can be used elsewhere, that the world can learn from this? Or is this just right for this place?

Anupam Mishra: No, the basic idea is to utilize water that falls on our area. So, the ponds, the open bodies, are everywhere, right from Sri Lanka to Kashmir, and in other parts also. And these [unclear], which stored water, there are two type of things. One recharge, and one stores. So, it depends on the terrain. But kund, which uses the gypsum belt, for that you have to go back to your calendar, three million years ago. If it is there it can be done right now. Otherwise, it can’t be done. (Laughter) (Applause)

CA: Thank you so much. (Applause)

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